+13%

7,125 $m

Diversified

Caterpillar, manufacturer of construction and mining equipment, diesel and natural gas engines, and diesel-electric locomotives, dominates its industry globally, as clearly evidenced in its 2012 financial performance data. The brand achieved record sales, revenues, and profits despite the uncertainty and dramatic shifts in the global marketplace. Caterpillar remains focused on long-term growth opportunities, encouraging its engineers and technologists to develop products and services that not only meet customers’ needs today, but also anticipate and address needs of the future. That initiative allowed Caterpillar to invest USD $2.5 billion into research and development in 2012, a new high for the company. Caterpillar also understands the role it plays in helping to create, build, and expand communities internationally. The brand invested USD $60 million in its communities through The Caterpillar Foundation. It has also developed a strong voice on issues that affect the brand and customers: trade, energy, infrastructure, and taxes. To ensure that strong voice is as influential as possible, Caterpillar repositioned its global engagement strategy and created a new division, Global Government & Corporate Affairs, to ensure it’s even better positioned to make a positive difference around the world. Despite the early challenges of 2013, Caterpillar remains focused on the long-term and believes focusing on its brand (even making a cameo appearance in Skyfall last year’s hit James Bond film) can help ensure it effectively communicates its story and builds sustainable success.

Caterpillar Inc.

Type	Public
Traded as	NYSE: CAT Dow Jones Industrial Average Component S&P 500 Component
Industry	Heavy equipment Engines Financial services
Predecessor(s)	C. L. Best Tractor Company Holt Manufacturing Company
Founded	California, United States (April 15, 1925)
Headquarters	Peoria, Illinois, United States
Area served	Worldwide
Key people	Douglas R. Oberhelman(Chairman and CEO)
Products	Products List[show]
Services	Services List[show]
Revenue	US$ 65.87 billion (2012)[1]
Operating income	US$ 8.57 billion (2012)[1]
Net income	US$ 5.68 billion (2012)[1]
Total assets	US$ 89.35 billion (2012)[1]
Total equity	US$ 17.53 billion (2012)[1]
Employees	125,341 (Dec 2012)[1]
Subsidiaries	Subsidiary List[show]
Website	www.caterpillar.com

Caterpillar Inc., is an American corporation which designs, manufactures, markets and sells machinery and engines and sellsfinancial products and insurance to customers via a worldwide dealer network.^[2][3] Caterpillar is the world’s leading manufacturer of construction and mining equipment, diesel and natural gas engines, industrial gas turbines and diesel-electric locomotives.^[1] With more than US$89 billion in assets, Caterpillar was ranked number one in its industry and number 44 overall in the 2009 Fortune 500.^[6]

Caterpillar stock is a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average.^[7] Caterpillar Inc. traces its origins to the 1925 merger of the Holt Manufacturing Company and the C. L. Best Tractor Company, creating a new entity, the California based Caterpillar Tractor Company.^[8] In 1986, the company re-organized itself as a Delaware corporation under the current name, Caterpillar Inc. Caterpillar’s headquarters are located in Peoria, Illinois, United States.^[1]

Caterpillar machinery is recognizable by its trademark “Caterpillar Yellow” livery and the “CAT” logo.^[9]

History[edit]

Origins[edit]

The steam tractors of the 1890s and early 1900s were extremely heavy, sometimes weighing 1,000 pounds (450 kg) per horsepower, and often sank into the rich, soft earth of the San Joaquin Valley Delta farmland surrounding Stockton, California. Benjamin Holt attempted to fix the problem by increasing the size and width of the wheels up to 7.5 feet (2.3 m) tall and 6 feet (1.8 m) wide, producing a tractor 46 feet (14 m) wide. But this also made the tractors increasingly complex, expensive and difficult to maintain.

Another solution considered was to lay a temporary plank road ahead of the steam tractor, but this was time-consuming, expensive, and interfered with earthmoving. Holt thought of wrapping the planks around the wheels. He replaced the wheels on a 40 horsepower (30 kW) Holt steamer, No. 77, with a set of wooden tracks bolted to chains. On Thanksgiving Day, November 24, 1904, he successfully tested the updated machine plowing the soggy delta land of Roberts Island.^[10]

Company photographer Charles Clements was reported to have observed that the tractor crawled like a caterpillar,^[2] and Holt seized on the metaphor. “Caterpillar it is. That’s the name for it!”^[10] Some sources, though, attribute this name to British soldiers in July 1907. Two years later Holt sold his first steam-powered tractor crawlers for US$5,500, about US$128,000 today. Each side featured a track frame measured 30 inches (760 mm) high by 42 inches (1,100 mm) wide and were 9 feet (2.7 m) long. The tracks were 3 inches (76 mm) by 4 inches (100 mm) redwood slats.^[10]

Holt received the first patent for a practical continuous track for use with a tractor on December 7, 1907 for his improved “Traction Engine” (“improvement in vehicles, and especially of the traction engine class; and included endless traveling platform supports upon which the engine is carried”).^[11]

Move to Peoria[edit]

On February 2, 1910,^[12] Holt opened up a plant in East Peoria, Illinois, led by his nephew Pliny Holt. There Pliny met farm implement dealer Murray Baker who knew of an empty factory that had been recently built to manufacture farm implements and steam traction engines. Baker, who later became the first executive vice president of what became Caterpillar Tractor Company, wrote to Holt headquarters in Stockton and described the plant of the bankrupt Colean Manufacturing Co. of East Peoria, Illinois. On October 25, 1909, Pliny Holt purchased the factory,^[13] and immediately began operations with 12 employees.^[14] Holt incorporated it as the Holt Caterpillar Company, although he did not trademark the name Caterpillar until August 2, 1910.^[12]

The addition of a plant in the Midwest, despite the hefty capital needed to retool the plant, proved so profitable that only two years later the company employed 625 people and was exporting tractors to Argentina, Canada, and Mexico.^[15] Tractors were built in both Stockton and East Peoria.^[16][17]

Use in World War I[edit]

Holt’s track-type tractors played a support role in World War I. Even before the U.S. formally entered WWI, Holt had shipped 1,200 tractors to England, France and Russia for agricultural purposes. These governments, however, sent the tractors directly to the battlefront where the military put them to work hauling artillery and supplies.^[18] When World War I broke out, the British War Office ordered a Holt tractor and put it through trials at Aldershot. The War Office was suitably impressed and chose it as a gun-tractor.^[19]Over the next four years, the Holt tractor became a major artillery tractor, mainly used to haul medium guns like the 6-inch howitzer, the 60-pounder, and later the 9.2-inch howitzer.^[20]

Holt tractors were also the inspiration for the development of the British tank, which profoundly altered ground warfare tactics.^[10][21]Major Ernest Swinton, sent to France as an army war correspondent, very soon saw the potential of a track-laying tractor.^[22]:116Although the British later chose an English firm to build its first tanks, the Holt tractor became “one of the most important military vehicles of all time.”^[20]

Post-war challenges[edit]

Holt tractors had become well known during World War I. Military contracts formed the major part of the company’s production. When the war ended, Holt’s planned expansion to meet the military’s needs was abruptly terminated. The heavy-duty tractors needed by the military were unsuitable for farmers. The company’s situation worsened when artillery tractors were returned from Europe, depressing prices for new equipment and Holt’s unsold inventory of military tractors. The company struggled with the transition from wartime boom to peacetime bust. To keep the company afloat, they borrowed heavily.

C. L. Best Gas Tractor Company, formed by Clarence Leo Best in 1910 and Holt’s primary competitor, had during the war received government support enabling it to supply farmers with the smaller agricultural tractors they needed.^[23][24] As a result, Best had gained a considerable market advantage over Holt by war’s end. Best also assumed considerable debt to allow it to continue expansion, especially production of its new Best Model 60 “Tracklayer”.

Both companies were adversely impacted by the transition from a wartime to a peacetime economy, which contributed to a nationwide depression, further inhibiting sales. On December 5, 1920, 71-year-old Benjamin Holt died after a month-long illness.^[24][25]

Caterpillar company formed (1925)[edit]

The banks who held the company’s large debt forced the Holt board of directors to accept their candidate, Thomas A. Baxter, to succeed Benjamin Holt. Baxter initially cut the large tractors from the company’s product line and introduced smaller models focused on the agricultural market. When the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921 funded a US$1 billion federal highway building program, Baxter began re-focusing the company towards building road construction equipment.^[13]:66 Both companies also faced fierce competition from the Fordson company.

Between 1907 and 1918, Best and Holt had spent about US$1.5 million in legal fees fighting each other in a number of contractual,trademark and patent infringement lawsuits.^[26] Harry H. Fair of the bond brokerage house of Pierce, Fair & Company of San Francisco had helped to finance C. L. Best’s debt and Holt shareholders approached him about their company’s financial difficulty. Fair recommended that the two companies should merge. In April and May 1925, the financially stronger C. L. Best merged with the market leader Holt Caterpillar to form the Caterpillar Tractor Co.^[27]

The new company was headquartered in San Leandro until 1930, when under the terms of the merger it was moved to Peoria.^[14]Baxter had been removed as CEO earlier in 1925, and Clarence Leo Best assumed the title of CEO, and remained in that role until October 1951.^[23]

The Caterpillar company consolidated its product lines, offering only five track-type tractors: the 2 Ton, 5 Ton, and 10 Ton from the Holt Manufacturing Company’s old product line and the Caterpillar 30 and Caterpillar 60 from the C. L. Best Tractor Co.’s former product line. The 10 Ton and 5 Ton models were discontinued in 1926. In 1928, the 2 Ton was discontinued. Sales the first year were US$13 million. By 1929, sales climbed to US$52.8 million, and CAT continued to grow throughout the Great Depression of the 1930s.

Caterpillar adopted the diesel engine to replace gasoline engines. During World War II, Caterpillar products found fame with the Seabees, Construction Battalions of the United States Navy, who built airfields and other facilities in the Pacific Theater of Operations. Caterpillar ranked 44th among United States corporations in the value of wartime military production contracts.^[28] During the post-war construction boom, the company grew at a rapid pace and launched its first venture outside the U.S. in 1950, marking the beginning of Caterpillar’s development into a multinational corporation.

Expansion in developing markets[edit]

Caterpillar built its first Russian facility in the town of Tosno, located near St. Petersburg, Russia. It was completed in 16 months and occupied in November 1999. It had the first electrical substation built in the Leningrad Oblast since the Communist government was dissolved on December 26, 1991. The facility was built under harsh winter conditions, where the temperature was below −13°F (−25°C). The facility construction was managed by the Lemminkäinen Group located in Helsinki, Finland.^{[citation needed]}

The $125M Caterpillar Suzhou, People’s Republic of China facility, manufactures medium wheel loaders and motorgraders, primarily for the Asian market. The first machine is scheduled for production in March 2009. URS Ausino, in San Francisco, California, manages facility construction.^{[citation needed]}

Caterpillar has manufactured in Brazil since 1960.^[29] In 2010 the company announced plans to further expand production of backhoe and small wheel loaders with a new factory.^[30]

Acquisitions[edit]

In addition to increasing sales of its core products, much of Caterpillar’s growth has been through acquisitions, including:

Sortable table

Company or Asset Acquired	Location	Date	Acquired From	Products	Notes
Trackson	Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States	1951		Traxcavators (tracked loaders) and pipelayers	“Traxcavator” became a Cat brand
Towmotor Corporation	Mentor, Ohio, United States	1965[31]		Forklifts	In 1992 became Mitsubishi Caterpillar Forklifts, a joint venture 80% owned by Mitsubishi
Solar Division and Turbomach Division	San Diego, California, United States	1981[32]	International Harvester Company	Industrial gas turbines	Became Solar Turbines Incorporated, a wholly owned subsidiary of Caterpillar Inc.
Balderson, Inc.	Wamego, Kansas, United States	1990[33]	Balderson, Inc.	Work Tools for Construction and Mining Equipment, e.g. buckets, blades, forks	The name of Balderson, Inc., was changed to Caterpillar Work Tools, Inc. in 1998 and remains a wholly owned subsidiary of Caterpillar Inc.
Barber-Greene Co. Inc.	Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States	1991[34]		Paving products	Renamed Caterpillar Paving Products
Krupp MaK Maschinenbau GmbH	Kiel, Germany	1997[35][36]	Fried. Krupp GmbH	Marine diesel engines	Renamed MaK Motoren GmbH, a wholly owned subsidiary of Caterpillar Inc. and will continue to use the MaK brand name.
Perkins Limited	Peterborough, United Kingdom	1998[37]	Lucas Variety	Small diesel engines	Produces both Cat and Perkins branded engines
Kato Engineering	Mankato, Minnesota, United States	1998[38]	Rockwell Automation, Inc.	Large electrical generators
F.G. Wilson	Larne, Northern Ireland	1999[39]	Emerson Electric Company	Generators. Produces both Cat and Olympian branded generators	Asset swap. Emerson acquired Kato Engineering from Caterpillar as part of transaction.
Earthmoving Equipment Division	Chennai, India	2000[40]	Hindustan Motors Ltd.	Construction equipment	Renamed Caterpillar India and the service & maintenance is provided by birla group’s GMMCO Ltd.
Caterpillar Elphinstone Pty. Ltd.	Burnie, Australia	2000[41]	Elphinstone Pty. Ltd.	Underground mining equipment	Acquired 50% interest in joint venture from partner Elphinstone. Renamed Caterpillar Underground Mining
Sabre Engines Ltd.	Wimborne, United Kingdom	2000[42]	Sabre Group Ltd.	Marine diesel engines	Renamed Caterpillar Marine Power UK. Produces both Cat and Perkins-Sabre branded engines
Bitelli SpA	Minerbio, Italy	2000[43]		Asphalt pavers, cold planers, compactors and other road maintenance products	Merged into Caterpillar Paving Products
Wealdstone Engineering Ltd.	Rushden, United Kingdom	2004[44]		Remanufacturer of gasoline and diesel engines	Organized under Caterpillar Remanufacturing Services
Williams Technologies, Inc.	Summerville, South Carolina, United States	2004[44]	Delco Remy International Inc.	Remanufacturer of automatic transmissions, torque converters and engines	Organized under Caterpillar Remanufacturing Services
Turbomach SA	Riazzino, Switzerland	2004[45]	Babcock Borsig AG	Packager of industrial gas turbines and related systems
Progress Rail Services Corporation	Albertville, Alabama	2006[46][47]	One Equity Partners	Supplier of railroad and transit system products and services. Owner ofElectro-Motive Diesel, Inc.
Hindustan PowerPlus Ltd.	Mathagondapalli, Tamil Nadu, India	2006[48][49]	Hindustan Motors	Engine components and heavy-duty diesel engines	Buyout of joint venture formed in 1988. Renamed Caterpillar Power India Private Ltd. Merged into Caterpillar India in 2008.
Eurenov S.A.S.	Chaumont, France	2007[50][51]		Automotive component remanufacturing	Organized under Caterpillar Remanufacturing Services
Forestry Division of Blount International, Inc.	Portland, Oregon, United States	2007[50][52]	Blount International, Inc.	Timber harvesting and processing equipment, loaders and attachments
Shandong Engineering Machinery (SEM)	China	2008[53]		Wheel loaders
Lovat Inc.	Toronto, Ontario, Canada	2008[54]		Tunnel boring machines	2 April 2008: “This acquisition is Caterpillar’s entry into the rapidly expanding tunnel boring machine business, and it represents an excellent strategic fit for our companies and the customers we serve around the world,” – Stu Levenick, Caterpillar group president.2 May 2013: “We continuously evaluate our strategic portfolio to ensure alignment with our long-term strategy and have concluded the tunneling business no longer fits that strategy,” – Stu Levenick. Caterpillar Tunneling Canada Corporation (CTCC) have notified employees that it will exit the business and cease production at its facilities by mid-2014.
Shin Caterpillar Mitsubishi Ltd.	Sagami & Akashi, Japan	2008[54][55]	Mitsubishi Heavy Industries	Construction equipment	Joint venture since 1963, after purchase of majority renamed Caterpillar Japan Ltd.
MGE Equipamentos & Serviços Ferroviários	Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil	2008[56][57]		Railroad equipment remanufacturing	Subsidiary of Progress Rail Services Corporation
Gremada Industries, Inc.	West Fargo, North Dakota, United States	2008[58][59]	Gremada Industries, Inc.	Remanufacturing transmissions, torque converters, and final drives	Organized under Caterpillar Remanufacturing Services
Twin City Signal Inc.	Hudson, Wisconsin, United States	2008[60]		Signaling, traffic control	Division of Progress Rail Services Corporation
JCS Co., Ltd.	Yangsan City, Kyungnam, South Korea	2009[61][62]	Jinsung T.E.C. Co., Ltd.	Seal technology
GE Inspection Products	Erie, Pennsylvania, United States	2010[63]	GE Transportation	Rail inspection products	Division of Progress Rail Services Corporation
FCM Rail Ltd.	Fenton, Michigan, United States	2010[64][65]		Rail maintenance equipment leasing	Division of Progress Rail Services Corporation
Zeit Comercio e Montagem de Equipamentos Ltda	Curitiba, Parana, Brazil	2010[66]		Automation and electrical equipment for locomotives and other industries	Acquired by MGE, a division of Progress Rail Services Corporation
Electro-Motive Diesel, Inc.	La Grange, Illinois, United States	2010[67]	Greenbriar Equity Group LLC, Berkshire Partners LLC,et al.	Railroad locomotives and large diesel engines	Wholly owned subsidiary of Progress Rail Services Corporation
Underground Imaging Technologies, Inc. (UIT)	Latham, New York, United States	2010[68]		Geophysical services, specializing in providing three-dimensional representations of underground utilities	Organized under Cat Advanced Systems Division
Caterpillar Xuzhou Ltd	Xuzhou, China	2010[69]	XCMG Group	Construction equipment	Joint venture since 1995, will become wholly owned subsidiary Caterpillar Xuzhou
CleanAIR Systems, Inc.	Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States	2010[70]		Customized stationary aftertreatment solutions for internal combustion engines	Wholly owned subsidiary of Caterpillar Inc. organized under Customer Services Support Division
MWM Holding GmbH	Mannheim, Germany	2010[71][72]	3i Group Plc	Gas and diesel powered generator sets	will become part of Caterpillar’s Electric Power division (formerly Deutz Power Systemsdivision of Deutz-Fahr)
Bucyrus International, Inc.	South Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States	2011[73][74]		Surface and underground mining equipment	Transaction closed without issuing new equity on July 8, 2011 in firm’s largest acquisition ever, valued at $8.8 billion.
Pyroban Group Ltd	Shoreham, UK	2011[71][75]		Fire and explosion prevention solutions for engines and equipment

Divestitures[edit]

Caterpillar occasionally divests assets that do not align with its core competencies.

Sortable table

Asset Divested	Location	Date	Purchaser	Products	Notes
Turbomach Division of Solar Turbines Incorporated	San Diego, California, United States	1985[76]	Sunstrand Corporation	Auxiliary power units	Caterpillar’s only aerospace asset, not a core competency, sold to longtime partner
Kato Engineering	Mankato, Minnesota, United States	1999[77]	Emerson Electric Company	Large electrical generators	Asset swap. Caterpillar acquired F.G. Wilson from Emerson as part of transaction.
Agricultural equipment assets	DeKalb, Illinois, United States	2002[78]	AGCO Corporation	Design, assembly and marketing of Challenger track tractors	Although founded as an agricultural equipment manufacturer, Caterpillar exited the business with this sale.
Preferred Group of Mutual Funds	not applicable	2006[79]	T. Rowe Price Group Inc.	Mutual funds	Caterpillar Investment Management Ltd. decided to exit the investment management business.
Pioneer Machinery	West Columbia, South Carolina, United States	2007[80]	Consortium of six Caterpillar dealers	Distributor of forestry equipment
ASV, Inc.	Grand Rapids, Minnesota, United States	2008[81]	Terex Minnesota, Inc.	Rubber track machines	Caterpillar formerly held 23.5% of ASV outstanding shares before supporting the purchase by Terex
Caterpillar Logistics Services	Morton, IL, United States	2012[82][83]	Platinum Equity, LLC	Logistics Services & Warehousing Solutions	Caterpillar retains a 35% equity stake. Business renamed Neovia Logistics Services LLC

Business lines[edit]

Through fiscal year 2010, Caterpillar divided its products, services and technologies into three principal lines of business: machinery, engines and financial products for sale to private and governmental entities.^[2] Starting in 2011, Caterpillar reports its financials using five business segments: construction industries, resource industries, power systems, financial products, and all other segments.^[84]

Machinery[edit]

Caterpillar has a list of some 400 products for purchase through its dealer network. Caterpillar’s line of machines range from tracked tractors to hydraulic excavators, backhoe loaders, motor graders, off-highway trucks, wheel loaders, agricultural tractors and locomotives. Caterpillar machinery is used in the construction, road-building, mining, forestry, energy, transportation and material-handling industries.

Caterpillar is the world’s largest manufacturer of wheel loaders. The medium size (MWL) and large size (LWL) are designed at their Aurora, Illinois facility. Medium wheel loaders are manufactured at: Aurora, Illinois; Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan; Gosselies, Charleroi, Belgium; Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil;^[85] India and the People’s Republic of China. Large wheel loaders are manufactured exclusively in the United States on three separate assembly lines at Aurora, Illinois.

On-road trucks[edit]

Caterpillar began selling a line of on-road trucks in 2011, the Cat CT660, a Class 8 vocational truck.^[86]

Engines[edit]

A portion of CAT’s business is in the manufacturing of diesel and natural gas engines and gas turbines which, in addition to their use in the company’s own vehicles, are used as the prime movers in locomotives, semi trucks, marine vessels and ships, as well as providing the power source for peak-load power plants and emergency generators.

In 2004, the company introduced with ACERT diesel engines that exceed federal guidelines for emission standards.^[87] In 2007, Caterpillar released a second generation of ACERT to meet even stricter standards.^[88]

In June 2008, Caterpillar announced it would be exiting the on-highway diesel engine market in the U.S. before updated 2010 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emission standards took effect,^[89] as costly changes to the engines (which only constituted a small percentage of CAT’s total engine sales) would be likely.^[90]

In October 2010, Caterpillar announced it would buy German engine-manufacturer MWM GmbH from 3i for $810 million.^[72]

Caterpillar Defense Products[edit]

The Caterpillar Defence Products^[91] subsidiary, headquartered in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, provides diesel engines, automatic transmissions and other parts for the UK’s Titanarmored bridge layer, Trojan combat engineering tank, Terrier combat engineering vehicles, and tank transporters; the Romanian MLI-84 armored personnel carrier and the SwissPiranha III light armored vehicle, which is currently being developed for use by American light armored formations; large fleets of military trucks in both the U.S. and UK; and theCV90 family of infantry fighting vehicles used by the armies of Sweden, Norway, Finland, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Denmark.

This division also provides both propulsion engines and power generation systems to the naval shipbuilding industry, such as the Series 3512B turbocharged V-12 diesel engine for American Virginia class nuclear submarines. Caterpillar diesel engines are also used in San Antonio class amphibious transport docks, Spanish Alvaro de Bazán class frigates,British River class patrol vessels, Mexican Sierra class patrol boats,^[92] and Malaysian Kedah class MEKO A-100 offshore patrol vessels.^[93]

Israel buys bulldozers for the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) from Caterpillar through the U.S. government foreign aid money in their civilian configuration. The military modifications and the installment of vehicle armor are done entirely in Israel by the IDF and Israeli security contractors (Israel Military Industries and Israel Aerospace Industries). The IDF uses many Caterpillar machines such as bulldozers,excavators, wheel loaders and graders mainly for engineering, earthworks and building projects. The most famous machine in use by the IDF’s Combat Engineering Corps is the heavy IDF Caterpillar D9 armored bulldozer, which is being used also for combat engineering and combat missions under fire.

The Israel Defense Forces‘ use of highly modified Caterpillar D9 bulldozers has led to Caterpillar being criticized by activists and some shareholders.^[94][95] In particular, the IDF Caterpillar D9 was involved in an incident in 2003, in which the American activist Rachel Corriewas killed by a bulldozer. A lawsuit was launched against Caterpillar by her family and the families of Palestinians who were also killed by Caterpillar equipment, but was unsuccessful.^[96][97] A lawsuit was also filed against Israel and Israeli Defense Ministry but was rejected by the court, which ruled that her death was an accident, caused by restricted field of view from the heavily armored operators’ cabin.^[98]

Caterpillar Electronics[edit]

The Caterpillar Electronics business unit has formed Caterpillar Trimble Control Technologies LLC (CTCT), a 50:50 joint venture with Trimble Navigation to develop electronic guidance and control products for earthmoving machines in the construction, mining and waste industries. CTCT is based in Dayton, Ohio and started its operations on April 1, 2002.

Agriculture products[edit]

Caterpillar introduced the Challenger range of agricultural tractors as the result of several development programs over a long period of time. The program started in the 1970s and involved both D6-based units and Grader power units. A parallel program was also developing wheeled high hp tractors based on using the articulated loading shovel chassis was latter merged with the crawler team. The result was the Challenger Tractor and the “Mobi-Trac” system.

The Challenger has been marketed in Europe as Claas machines since 1997, with Caterpillar marketing the Claas built Lexion combine range in the USA. Claas and Caterpillar formed a joint venture, Claas Omaha, to build combine harvesters in Omaha, Nebraska, USA under the CAT brand. In 2002, Cat sold its stake to Claas, and licensed the use ofCAT and the CAT yellow livery to Claas. They are marketed as Lexion combines now.

Also in 2002, Caterpillar sold the Challenger tracked tractor business to AGCO and licensed the use of the Challenger and CAT names and livery to them. This ended Cat’s venture into agriculture.

Financial products[edit]

Caterpillar provides financing and insurance to customers via its worldwide dealer network ^[2] and generates income through the licensing of the Caterpillar and CAT trademarks and logos.

Brand licensing[edit]

Caterpillar sells the right to manufacture, market and sell products bearing the Caterpillar brand and trademarks to licensees worldwide.Wolverine World Wide is one example, a licensee since 1994 and currently the sole manufacturer, worldwide licensed to produce Cat branded footwear.^[99] Other licensees sell items including clothing, hats, watches, scale models of Cat machinery and other consumer products.^[100][101]

Operations[edit]

Manufacturing[edit]

Caterpillar products and components are manufactured in 110 facilities worldwide. 51 plants are located in the United States and 59 overseas plants are located in Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, England, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Northern Ireland, Poland, Russia, Singapore, South Africa and Sweden.

Caterpillar’s historical manufacturing home is in Peoria, Illinois, which is also the location of Caterpillar’s world headquarters and core research and development activities. Although Caterpillar has contracted much of its local parts production and warehousing to third parties, Caterpillar still has four major plants in the Peoria area: the Mapleton Foundry, where diesel engine blocks and other large parts are cast; the East Peoria factory, which has assembled Caterpillar tractors for over 70 years; the Mossville engine plant, built after World War II; and the Morton parts facility.

Distribution[edit]

Caterpillar products are distributed to end-users in nearly 200 countries through Caterpillar’s worldwide network of 220 dealers. Caterpillar’s dealers are independently owned and operated businesses with exclusive geographical territories. Dealers provide sales, maintenance and repair services, rental equipment, and parts distribution. Finning, a dealer based in Alberta, Canada, is Caterpillar’s largest global distributor.^[102]

Most dealers use a management system called DBS for their day to day operations.

As of the first quarter of 2006, 66% of Caterpillars sales are made by one of the 63 dealers in the United States, with the remaining 34% sold by one of Caterpillar’s 157 overseas dealers.^{[citation needed]}

Management[edit]

Caterpillar has a corporate governance structure where the Chairman of the board also acts as Chief Executive Officer (CEO). The Board of Directors is fully independent and is made up of non-employee directors selected from outside the company. Several group presidents report to the CEO, and multiple vice presidents report to each group president.

The board has four committees: Audit, Compensation, Governance, and Public Policy.

The behavior of all employees is governed by a Code of Worldwide Business Conduct, first published in 1974 and last amended in 2005, which sets the corporate standard for honesty and ethical behavior. Management employees are retested on this code annually.

Current board of directors[edit]

Douglas R. Oberhelman – Chairman & CEO Charles Powell Daniel M. Dickinson David R. Goode Dennis A. Muilenburg Edward B. Rust, Jr.

Eugene V. Fife Gail D. Fosler John T. Dillon Joshua I. Smith

Juan Gallardo Peter A. Magowan W. Frank Blount William A. Osborn

On July 1, 2010, Douglas R. Oberhelman succeeded James W. Owens as CEO and on October 31, 2010 he also became Chairman.^[103]

Workforce and labor relations[edit]

As of December 31, 2009, Caterpillar employed 93,813 persons of whom 50,562 are located outside the United States. Current employment figures represent a decline of 17,900 employees compared the third quarter of 2008.^[3] Due to the restructuring of business operations which began in the 1990s, there are 20,000 fewer union jobs in the Peoria, Illinois area while employment outside the U.S. has increased.^{[citation needed]}

Labor practices[edit]

Caterpillar came close to bankruptcy in the early 1980s, at one point losing almost US$1 million per day due to a sharp downturn in product demand as competition with Japanese rival Komatsu increased. (At the time, Komatsu used the internal slogan “encircle Caterpillar”.)^[104] Caterpillar suffered further when the United States declared an embargo against the Soviet Union after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, causing the company to be unable to sell US$400 million worth of pipelaying machinery that had already been built.^[105]

Due to the drastic drop in demand, Caterpillar initiated employee layoffs, which led to strikes, primarily by the members of the United Auto Workers, against Caterpillar facilities inIllinois and Pennsylvania. Several news reports at the time indicated that products were piling up so high in facilities that replacement workers could barely make their way to their work stations.

In 1992, the United Auto Workers conducted a five-month strike against Caterpillar. In response, Caterpillar threatened to replace Caterpillar’s entire unionized work force. Over ten thousand UAW members striked again in 1994–1995 for 17 months, a record at that time. The strike ended with the UAW deciding to return to work without a contract despite record revenues and profits by Caterpillar.^[106] In 1994 Caterpillar offered a contract to the UAW members that would have raised the salary of top workers from $35,000 to $39,000 per year. However, the UAW was seeking the same top wage of $40,000 that was paid to workers at Deere & Company in 1994.^[107]

During the strikes, Caterpillar used management employees in an attempt to maintain production. Caterpillar suspended research and development work, sending thousands of engineers and other non-bargained for employees into Caterpillar’s manufacturing and assembly facilities to replace striking or locked out union members.

Rather than continuing to fight the United Auto Workers, Caterpillar chose to make itself less vulnerable to the traditional bargaining tactics of organized labor. One way Caterpillar achieved its goal was by outsourcing much of Caterpillar’s parts production and warehouse work to outside firms. In another move, according to United Auto Workers union officials and industry analysts, Caterpillar began to execute a “southern strategy”.^[108] The “southern strategy” involved opening new, small plants, termed “focus facilities”, in right-to-workstates. Caterpillar opened these new, smaller facilities in Clayton and Sanford, North Carolina; Greenville, South Carolina; Corinth, Mississippi; Dyersburg, Tennessee; Griffin andLaGrange, Georgia; Seguin, Texas; and North Little Rock, Arkansas.

In 2012, the company locked out workers at a locomotive plant in London, Ontario, Canada and demanded some accept up to a 50% cut in pay.^[109] The move created controversy in Canada with some complaining the plant was acquired under false pretenses.^[110] Retail store Mark’s Work Wearhouse, began pulling Caterpillar boots from its shelves as a result.^[111]

On May 1, 2012, 780 members of the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers Local Lodge 851 went on strike. An agreement was reached in August, resulting in a 6-year wage freeze. Striking workers expressed anger about the freeze given the company’s record 2011 profits and CEO Oberhelman’s 60% salary increase.^[112]

Environmental record[edit]

In addition to devoting engineering resources to ensure that Caterpillar machinery meets or exceeds environmental laws and regulations in markets worldwide, Caterpillar also actively participates in programs that promote environmental sustainability.^{[citation needed]}

In 1999 federal and California state regulators found Caterpillar and five other diesel engine manufacturers in violation of the Clean Air Act.^{[citation needed]}

Environmental stewardship[edit]

Caterpillar divisions have won Illinois Governor’s Pollution Prevention Awards every year since 1997.^[113] Caterpillar was awarded the 2007 Illinois Governor’s Pollution Prevention Award for three projects: The Hydraulics and Hydraulic Systems business unit in Joliet implemented a flame sprayed coating for its truck suspension system, replacing a chroming process, reducing hazardous waste by 700,000 pounds annually and saving 14 million US gallons (53,000 m³) of water. Caterpillar’s Cast Metals Organization in Mapleton worked with the American Foundry Society to help produce a rule to reduce hazardous waste in scrap metal that meet strict quality requirements, and also allow foundries to continue recycling certain types of scrap and maintain a competitive cost structure. Caterpillar’s Mossville Engine Center formed a team to look at used oil re-use and recycle processes that forced MEC to send large amounts of used oil off-site for recycling, and developed an updated system for reclaiming it for re-use on-site. The resulting benefits included a usage reduction of about 208,000 US gallons (790 m³) of oil per year.^[114]

Caterpillar actively participates in initiatives such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency‘s National Clean Diesel Campaign program, which encourages retrofitting fleets of older buses and trucks with newer diesel engines that meet higher emissions standards.^[115][116]

In 2005, Caterpillar donated $12 million to The Nature Conservancy in a joint effort to protect and preserve river systems in Brazil, U.S.A., and China.^[117]

Caterpillar has, for many years, been a member of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development based in Geneva, Switzerland.^[118]

Caterpillar has been listed on the Dow Jones Sustainability World Index each year since 2001.^[119]

Clean Air Act violation[edit]

In July 1999, Caterpillar and five other diesel engine manufacturers signed a consent decree with the Justice Department and the State of California, after governmental investigations revealed violations of the Clean Air Act. The violation involves over a million diesel engines sold with “defeat devices,” devices that regulated emissions during pre-sale tests, but that could be disabled in favor of better performance during subsequent highway driving. Consequently, these engines “…emit up to triple the permissible level of smog-forming nitrogen oxides (NOx). In 1998 alone, these violating vehicles emitted 1.3 million tons of additional NOx — an amount equal to the emissions of 65 million cars.” For this reason, Caterpillar was named the “Clean Air Villain of the Month” for August 2000 by the Clean Air Trust.^[120] The consent decree provided that $83 million be paid in civil penalties and determined new deadlines for meeting emissions standards. Caterpillar, however, was successful in lobbying for an extension of deadlines they considered too severe. Even so, in October 2002, Caterpillar – the only diesel engine company (of those that signed decrees) to fail to meet the new emissions standards deadline – was forced to pay $128 million in per-engine non-conformance penalties.^[121]

Advocacy, philanthropy and awards[edit]

Caterpillar is a leading member of the U.S. Global Leadership Coalition, a Washington D.C.-based coalition of over 400 major companies and NGOs that advocates for increased funding of American diplomatic and development efforts abroad through the International Affairs Budget.^[122] Economic development projects in developing countries (particularly in rural, agricultural regions) serve as new markets for Caterpillar products by improving political and economic stability and raising average incomes. 2011 recipient of the Henry C. Turner Prize for Innovation in Construction Technology from the National Building Museum.

Marketing[edit]

Caterpillar has sponsored Ward Burton, Scott Wimmer, Dave Blaney, and Jeff Burton in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series.